Index funds are mainstream. At year end 2021 more of the US stock market was owned by index funds than by actively managed funds. Funds only own about 30% of the US market, but taking a broader view of institutional investors, assets have been shifting toward more passive institutions.

Index investing as a theoretically optimal investment strategy works best in an efficient market, but if everyone turns into a passive index investor the market can’t be efficient. This is commonly known as the Grossman-Stiglitz Paradox, and it has some people raising the alarm about a tipping point for market efficiency.

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