Growing up can be frightening. The path to adulthood is fraught with fears, both rational and irrational, challenging children and adolescents alike. And while it’s not uncommon for a child to be scared of imaginary foes or a teen to be afraid of social rejection, these and similar fears can lead to various types of anxiety disorders when not addressed with care.

So how can parents and other adults best help young people navigate their fears? What are the signs that typical childhood and adolescent fears have become more serious? And when is the right time to seek professional help?

Jacqueline Sperling, PhD, breaks down common fears for kids and teens, offers strategies for parenting children who are feeling scared, and answers audience questions about specific phobias and how they’re treated.