Islamic political philosophy is absolutely fascinating. Here is the brief story of the rise and fall of the Qadariya doctrine that formed the basis of the Mu'tazili thought that developed in the period of Mamun ul Rashid.

Steven C. Judd, "Ghaylan al-Dimashqi: The Isolation of a Heretic in Islamic Historiography", International Journal of Middle East Studies , Vol. 31, No. 2 (May, 1999), pp. 161-184, Cambridge University Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/176291

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