Mu'tazili thought developed in debate and discussion with the mulhids of the 7th and 8th centuries. Islam had to intellectually contend with the followers of Zoroastrianism, Gnosticism, and Greek philosophy. Find out more about these mulhids, in this episode.

Readings:

Crone, Patricia, "Islam, the Ancient Near East and Varieties of Godlessness: Collected Studies in Three Volumes, volume 3"

Richard C. Martin and Mark R. Woodward with Dwi S. Atmaja, "Defender of Reason in Islam: Mu'tazilism from Medieval School to Modern Symbol" Oneworld Publications 2003.

Goldziher, Ignaz, "Introduction to lslamic Theology and Law
(Translated by Andrew and Ruth Hamori)", Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1981.


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