How did Turkey survive the end of World War One?
The defeat of the Ottoman Empire left it at the mercy of Britain, France, Italy, and Greece. The Sultan in Constantinople had surrendered to the Entente, but Turks as a whole were not content to be occupied. Under Mustafa Kemal (later, Atatürk) and the banner of the Turkish National Movement, they would fight the Turkish War of Independence and create the modern Turkish state.

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Jelavich, Barbara. History of the Balkans: Twentieth Century. Vol.2. Cambridge University Press, 1983. https://www.amazon.com/History-Balkan...

Jelavich, Charles and Barbara. The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804-1920.
Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1977. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvcwnq62

Karpat, Kemal H. “Ottoman Population Records and the Census of 1881/82-1893.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 9, no. 3 (1978): 237–74. http://www.jstor.org/stable/162764

Kayali, Hasan. “Elections and the Electoral Process in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1919.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 27, no. 3 (1995): 265-286. https://www.jstor.org/stable/176251

Miller, Stuart T. Mastering Modern European History. London: Macmillan Education LTD, 1990.