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COPD means Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. COPD is the new name for two major breathing diseases that cause airways to become “obstructed” or blocked: Obstructive chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

Obstructive chronic bronchitis: When airways are constantly attacked by pollutants, such as those found in cigarette smoke, they become inflamed and filled with thick, sticky mucous. You cough to clear your airways. Later, the bronchi may become obstructed or with limited airflow: lungs do not fully empty and air is trapped.

Emphysema: Your bronchial tubes branch into smaller and smaller tubes, which end in millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place in the alveoli. When your alveoli are damaged or destroyed, it becomes difficult for the lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide and less oxygen gets into your body. Your lungs do not fully empty and air is trapped

One of the hallmarks of COPD is reduced airflow, which occurs as the result of one or more of the following:

1. Loss of elastic recoil in the alveoli due to excessive breakdown of the protein elastin
2. Destruction of the walls between the alveoli as a result of excessive action of enzymes called "proteases".
3. Thickening of the walls of the airways due to chronic inflammation.
4. Excessive secretion of mucus, which can clog the airways.
The clinical manifestations of COPD are laboured breathing and shortness of breath, cough, hypoxemia, and excessive mucus production. Once the fundamental changes of COPD, they are irreversible, but individuals with COPD will intermittently experience acute exacerbations during episodes of lung infection. These episodes can be treated, but the underlying pathology remains unchanged.

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