That black hole photo: How event horizons bend time, space, and light
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Black holes are usually surrounded by disks of very, very bright, very hot material. And that's how we find them. Black holes themselves give off no radiation at all. Any light gets absorbed into the black hole — all forms of light, from gamma rays to radio waves. A black hole's gravity is so strong it actually bends space itself. What does this mean? There's no way to get out of the black hole — out of the event horizon — because space and time themselves are bent into the black hole.
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MICHELLE THALLER

Dr. Michelle Thaller is an astronomer who studies binary stars and the life cycles of stars. She is Assistant Director of Science Communication at NASA. She went to college at Harvard University, completed a post-doctoral research fellowship at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in Pasadena, Calif. then started working for the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's (JPL) Spitzer Space Telescope. After a hugely successful mission, she moved on to NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), in the Washington D.C. area. In her off-hours often puts on about 30lbs of Elizabethan garb and performs intricate Renaissance dances. For more information, visit
NASA.
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TRANSCRIPT:

MICHELLE THALLER: One of the things that I honestly thought I was never going to see was the black part of a black hole, actually looking into the heart of a black hole and seeing the area that was dark, or where light is being absorbed. And it's amazing to me that humans have done this. I mean, this has to go down as one of the most incredible accomplishments of modern astronomy. So when you look at that image-- I mean, it's kind of a messy image. I mean, it looks sort of like a coffee mug stain, that you just picked up your cup and there's a bit of a ring. But what are you actually seeing? The answers are so profound and so dramatic that I hope you never look at that little stain again without getting goosebumps. So what you're looking at is something called the shadow of the black hole.

Now, black holes tend to have material orbiting around them. Black holes have a lot of gravity. And gas begins to fall in towards the black hole, and it begins to spin up into a disk around the black hole. And as that gas gets closer and closer to the black hole, it's accelerated faster and faster. And so in this disk of gas, some of it is traveling very close to the speed of light. You have a lot of friction. You have lots of things rubbing up against each other at very high speeds. And incredible amounts of heat and light are generated in this disk. So black holes, usually, are surrounded by disks of very, very bright, very hot material. And that's how we find them. Black holes themselves give off no radiation at all. Any light gets absorbed into the black hole. And when I say, light, I mean every possible form of light, from gamma rays, X-rays, infrared light that we think of as heat, radio waves-- nothing comes out of a black hole at all. So what you're looking at in this image is the black hole is sort of framed by this bright ring.

And that bright ring is this hot material that's orbiting around the black hole. And one of the first things you'd say, well, OK, it's really kind of a wonderful stroke of luck that the particular black hole we're looking at, the ring was right face-on to us. You see this bright ring exactly around the black hole. And in fact, that's probably not the case. The disk of material could be at many different orientations around the black hole. But here's the weird thing about a black hole. A black hole's gravity is so intense it actually restructures space and time. Light itself has no mass. Light should not be attracted by gravity, right? Gravity is the force between two things that have mass. Light has no mass. It just flies straight through space. So why should light be affected by a black hole? And amazingly, this is what happens.

A black hole's gravity is so strong it actually bends the space itself. So light thinks it's traveling through straight space, just traveling in a straight. The disk can be at pretty much any orientation you like. What will happen is light from any part of that disk will get bent around the black hole. In a very real way, to see the underside of the disk at the front of the black hole, the back side, all the way over the front. Because light itself is being bent around. So if there's any hot, glowing material ...

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