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During the Industrial Revolution, companies attempted to maximize the output of their factories by keeping them running as many hours as possible, typically implementing a “sun up to sun down” work day. Wages were also extremely low, so workers themselves often needed to work these long shifts just to get by, including often sending their children to work in the factories as well, rather than getting them educated. With little representation, education, or options, factory workers also tended to work in horrible working conditions to go along with the bad hours. The typical work day at this time lasted anywhere from 10-18 hours per day, six days a week. This all began to change in the 19th century.

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Sources:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-hour_w...
http://www.pbs.org/livelyhood/workday...
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/aug...
http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/rec...
http://www.dol.gov/elaws/esa/flsa/scr...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Mann
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trades_U...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factorie...