Ever wonder what drives ocean circulation and how ocean circulation patterns are currently changing and how they've changed through time? In this video, we go over how surface ocean wind-driven circulation differs from deep ocean thermohaline (termperature and salinity driven) circulation, how ocean circulation patterns are changing due to modern climate change, and how ocean circulation has changed during past global warming and cooling periods, especially in terms of the strength of upwelling and downwelling, or vertical mixing of the ocean's water column. Currently, global warming is decreasing the strength of vertical mixing, which is causing deep ocean anoxia (or lack of oxygen, O2) due to the lack of O2 delivery from surface waters to deep waters. This is exaccerbating the already decreasing global O2 concentrations and devastating marine animal ecosystems given that these animals need O2 to live. Studying and understanding these changes in ocean circulation is incredibly important if we want to get ahead of these changes and help perserve marine and reef ecosystems.

0:00 Surface ocean currents
1:43 Downwelling (vertical mixing)
3:46 Importance of vertical mixing
4:41 Deep ocean circulation
5:55 Conveyer belt caused ice age
7:34 Upwelling (more vertical mixing)
8:00 Ocean stratification consequences
9:32 Coral bleaching
10:12 Ocean acidification
11:53 Ocean anoxia (O2 depletion)

References:
Biogeochemistry: An Analysis of Global Change, 4th Ed. https://amzn.to/41CDHVz
Earth System History: https://amzn.to/3v1Iy0G

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Oxygen by D. Canfield: https://amzn.to/3gffbCL
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