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Cardiac Tamponade : Etiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical features, Diagnosis and Treatment

Cardiac Tamponade is a life-threatening condition characterized by the accumulation of fluid or blood in the pericardial sac, impairing the heart's ability to pump effectively. Etiologically, it can arise from various sources such as trauma (blunt or penetrating injuries), medical procedures (like catheterization or pacemaker implantation), malignancies, and infections like pericarditis. The pathophysiology revolves around increased pericardial pressure, leading to compromised diastolic filling of the heart chambers, thus reducing stroke volume and cardiac output. Clinically, it manifests with a triad of hypotension, elevated jugular venous pressure, and muffled heart sounds, often accompanied by tachycardia and pulsus paradoxus (a decrease in systolic blood pressure during inspiration). Diagnosis is generally established through imaging modalities like echocardiography, which visualizes pericardial effusion and signs of right atrial and ventricular collapse, supported by ECG findings that may display low voltage or electrical alternans. Treatment is emergent and focused on volume resuscitation and pericardiocentesis to relieve pressure, and may also include surgical interventions like pericardial window or pericardiectomy for long-term relief. Understanding the intricacies of each component, from etiology to treatment, is crucial for prompt diagnosis and life-saving intervention.

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