Subscribe here: https://bit.ly/eudebates The European Parliament has narrowly approved the wide-reaching reform of the European Union's migration and asylum policy.

The move was preceded by uncertainty due to a growing chorus of dissent from the right and the left, which, despite gaining traction, failed to derail the momentous vote on Wednesday afternoon.

"We have listened, we have acted and we have delivered on one of the main concerns of people across Europe," said Roberta Metsola, the Parliament's president.

"This is a historic day," she declared.

The so-called New Pact on Migration and Asylum, an elaborate set of five separate but intertwined pieces of legislation, only needs the final green light from member states, which is expected at the end of the month.

The New Pact envisions collective and predictable rules to manage the reception and relocation of asylum seekers, a politically explosive issue that has been a recurring source of tension since the 2015-2016 migration crisis, frustrating continued attempts to achieve a common understanding at the European level.

The reform, first unveiled in September 2020, aims to turn the page on this go-it-alone era by bringing together all aspects of migration management, including the identification of asylum seekers, accelerated border procedures and the resettlement of refugees. Its main novelty is a system of "mandatory solidarity" to ensure all countries, regardless of their size and location, contribute to alleviating the pressure on Southern Europe.

The ambitious proposal by the European Commission ran for hundreds of pages and involved a myriad of complex issues, such as fundamental rights, unaccompanied minors, data privacy, financial contributions, detention periods and national security, which slowed down the legislative process.

The Parliament and member states in the Council spent years debating and amending the New Pact, deepening the intricacy of an already intricate legislation. The talks were particularly arduous in the Council, where countries espoused opposing views according to geography, economy and ideology.

Mindful of the high stakes, MEPs took the lead and unified their position while impatiently waiting for the Council to follow suit. The hard-fought negotiations between the two institutions stretched for several rounds and concluded as the sun rose on 20 December.

Parliament endorsed this compromise on Wednesday, albeit by a margin smaller than initially expected owing to the brewing dissent. The five laws received, on average, 300 votes in favour and 270 against.

The votes were slightly delayed by a few minutes as protesters threw paper planes at the sitting MEPs and chanted "This pact kills, vote no."

Speaking by her side, European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen said the reform would make a "real difference for all Europeans" by improving border security, speeding up asylum procedures and cracking down on abusive practices.

"I am proud to say we delivered a European solution. But our work is not done yet," von der Leyen told reporters. "It must be the same determination and unity that has led us to this day that has to guide us to make the Pact a true success in Europe."

A momentous yet controversial reform

At its core, the New Pact is an all-encompassing overhaul of all the internal aspects of migration, meaning everything that happens once an asylum seeker reaches the bloc's territory. The external dimension is, by contrast, covered by tailor-made agreements with neighbouring countries, such as Tunisia, Mauritania and Egypt, to prevent the irregular departures from happening in the first place.

Last year, the EU received 1.14 million applications for international protection, a seven-year high, and registered 380,000 irregular border crossings, half of them through the Central Mediterranean route.

Crucially, the reform does not alter the long-standing "Dublin principle," which says the responsibility for an asylum application lies first with the first country of arrival.

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