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In this video, we will explain long-term potentiation as a physiological mechanism of learning and memory, and then we will discuss the differences between both early and late LTP.

Quick background: 0:00
Basic principles of LTP: 1:24
Early LTP: 5:30
Late LTP: 8:12
Outro: 10:40

LTP is the mechanism that leads to the strengthening of synaptic connections between neurons within the brain. This happens because of the brain's ability to reform its neurons (either short-term or long-term); an ability called neuroplasticity. These resultant functional alterations lead to changes in synapse efficacy. This is measured by increased post-synaptic currents and excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) which are temporary depolarizations. Over time, this reorganises the cortical map by changing the brains wiring/network structure. This growth and reorganisation are what allows the formation of neuronal connections throughout life. Appositively, there is long-term depression which leads to the weakening of synaptic connections so that the brain remains efficient. This is where the concept of ‘use-it’ or ‘lose-it’ principle comes from.

SUMMARY - Mechanism of LTP:
• Sensory information activates glutamate release
• Glutamate binds to AMPA and NDMA
• AMPA allows Na+ in – a build-up of which activates NDMA
• NDMA allows Na+ and Ca2+ in which activities CaMKII, PKC and PKA
• Early LTP -- synaptic plasticity increasing AMPA and NMDA receptors from stored vesicles
• Late LTP -- both synaptic and structural plasticity producing more dendrites, new NDMA receptors and motor proteins to allow early LTP to occur quicker
• Cells that wire together fire together – LTP leads to stronger connections between neurons so that the neurons that fire is stronger

It is also important to remember that:
• LTP occurs all over the brain – AMPA and NMDA are located everywhere
• LTP only occur via glutamate-dependent NMDA and AMPA receptor activation
• NMDA can allow in sodium and potassium like AMPA receptors, but also calcium.
• Calcium is required for LTP
• Early LTP results in transient activation of protein kinases
• Late LTP results in functional gene expression and changes
• The difference between early and late LTP is the different levels of calcium – late has even more calcium and early has less.
• The mechanism of Late LTP is yet to be fully understood

#youcanlearnanything #neuroanatomy #memorypathway

Reference:
Kandel, E., 2001. The Molecular Biology of Memory Storage: A Dialogue Between Genes and Synapses. Science, 294(5544), pp.1030-1038.

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