Welcome to the video series The Operational Amplifier - From Abstraction to Reality.

Operational amplifiers are the workhorse of the analog industry. It is straightforward for the engineer to design circuits by using a set of assumptions about the device, and therefore using simple formulas to calculate the values of the surrounding components. However, in the real world, there are limitations and errors that must be understood. This is where reality sets in.

This video gives some insight into the inner working of the operational amplifier to help understand its specifications and limitations.

Operational Amplifiers
Abstraction
Circuit Analysis
Op Amp

00:00 Intro
00:47 Differential Pair AKA Long Tailed Pair
05:45 Common Mode Rejection
06:30 Constant Current Source With Common Mode Inputs
07:07 Single Ended Output
08:06 Bipolar Junction Transistor Transconductance
09:12 Current to Voltage Converter
10:07 Innovation of the Current Mirror
10:29 Current Mirror on the Bench
11:31 Additional Gain Stage
12:38 Output Stage
13:07 Common Mode Input Range
14:09 Maximum Output Voltage Swing