By the latter half of the 19th century, European imperialism penetrated nearly every institution in the Muslim world. From their palaces and armies, to their schools and hospitals. This overwhelming European presence sought to dismantle the central role Islam played in shaping Muslim society. European empires, though Christian, were becoming increasingly fervent advocates of secularism; believing that religion should become absent from public life. Many Muslims vehemently rejected this. But with the West growing in power and influence, many Muslim thinkers and leaders began to adopt Western ideals in the hopes that maybe they could better instrumentalise their religion to an ever modernizing milieu. Other Muslim scholars, however, thought that these ‘reformist’ Muslims were straying away from their religion and becoming too close to the teachings and politics of the colonizers.

Big thank you to @sultanskinny for his help with the script. Check out his channel for more informative content on the Middle East:    / @sultanskinny3094  

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0:00 Intro
2:50 Sir Syed Khan's Reforms In India
7:04 Jamalludin Afghani's Revolutionary Views
13:32 Abduh's Islamic Modernism